1a. A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.
A common noun names anyone of a group of persons, places, or things, and is not capitalized.
A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing, and is always capitalized.
A compound noun consists of two or more words used together as a single noun. It may be written as one word, as two or more words, or may be hyphenated.
The Pronoun
1b. A pronoun is a word used in place of one or of more than one noun.
Personal pronouns are: I, me, mine; you, yours; he, she, him, her; it; we, us, ours; and they, them, theirs.
NOTE:my, you, his, her, its, our, and their are sometimes called personal pronouns and sometimes called pronominal adjectives.
Relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, and that.
Interrogative pronouns are: Who ...?, Whose ...?, What ...?, Whom ...?, and Which ...?
Demonstartive pronouns are: this, that, these, and those.
Indefinite pronouns include (but are not limited to): all, any, both, each, most, much, few, none, many, several, and some.
The Adjective
1c. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Proper adjectives may be formed from proper nouns and therefore should be capitalized (Example: French fries)
Articles are a particular group of adjectives. A and an are indefinite articles; the is a definite article.
The Verb
1d. A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement.
Action Verbs: some – like do, come, go, and write – are obvious; others – like believe, remember, know, think, and understand – are less obvious.
Linking Verbs serve as a link between two words.
• most linking verbs are forms of the verb be (such as am, is, are, was, were, can, could, shall, should, will, would, etc.)
• other linking verbs include appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn.
Verb Phrases consist of main verbs preceded by one or more helping verbs. (Examples: must have thought, is leaving)
The Adverb
1e. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Example of modifying a verb: I moved immediately. (modifies the verb “moved.”)
Example of modifying a adjective: Ruth is an unusually good goalie. (modifies the adjective “good.”)
Example of modifying another adverb: Roy is almost always hungry. (modifies the adverb “always.”)
The Preposition
1f. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
There are dozens of prepositions. Most clarify place (e.g., above, below, from, toward, against, among, through) or time (e.g., before, after, at, since, until)
The Conjunction
1g. A conjunction joins words or groups of words.
The Coordinating Conjunctions are and, but, or, nor, yet.
The Correlative Conjunctions are both ... and, not only ... but also, either ... or, neither ... nor, and whether ... or
The Subordinating Conjunctions are used to introduce subordinate clauses (addressed in Chapter 4).
The Interjection
1h. An interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion. It has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.
There are dozens of prepositions. Most clarify place (e.g., above, below, from, toward, against, among, through) or time (e.g., before, after, at, since, until)
They are often followed by an exclamation mark, but if the emotion is not that strong, it may be followed by a period or comma.
Aren't quite sure? Click here for the full text (with explanations and examples).